A rocket strike on a soccer field in Golan Heights on Saturday killed at least 11 people, including children and teenagers. Israeli authorities have blamed Lebanon's Iran-backed Hezbollah for the attack, raising fears of a broader regional conflict.
On Wednesday, Germany’s Interior Ministry announced the ban on the Islamic Center Hamburg (IZH) and its subsidiary organizations, citing their radical Islamist goals and direct control by Tehran. Authorities searched 53 premises across eight German states under a court order.
In a phone call with German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock, Iran's top diplomat expressed Tehran's protest at the closure of the Islamic centers, calling it a "politicized, Islamophobic move".
"The German government must accept the consequences," Bagheri warned, according to Iran's readout of the call.
Iran's Foreign Ministry earlier summoned German Ambassador to Tehran Hans-Udo Muzel, expressing Tehran's "strongest protests" over what it termed a "hostile act." The ministry’s official website described the closure as an "obvious case of Islamophobia" and accused Germany of promoting "an intentional spread of violence and dictatorship."
The German Interior Ministry argued that the Islamic Center, despite claiming to be a purely religious foundation, operated as an "Islamist extremist" entity directly representing Iran's supreme leader to advance an "authoritarian and theocratic rule."
Germany's federal police had previously raided the Islamic Center in November 2023 on suspicions of supporting the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, which is accused of engagement in terrorism. Germany banned Hezbollah's activities in 2020, asserting that the IZH's actions aimed to spread the revolutionary concept of Iran’s Supreme Leader and undermine Germany’s "constitutional order."
The ban impacts the Hamburg-based IZH, known for its turquoise mosque, and its subgroups in Frankfurt, Munich, and Berlin. Consequently, four Shiite mosques will be closed, according to the ministry.
"The Islamic Republic uses these centers when they face diplomatic restrictions at embassies," Munich-based journalist Masoud Kazemi told Iran International. "For instance, in the case of Iranian diplomat convicted of terrorism (Asadollah Assadi), there were reports that he, under the cover of a diplomat, who planned to bomb an MEK gathering with the help of some other individuals, had met with those people at the Islamic Centre Hamburg and exchanged money with them."
Kazemi said another responsibility of these centers is to attract Shiites who have immigrated, been expelled, or sought asylum in Europe. "Shiites from Lebanon, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Yemen, Syria, and Iraq. They hire them culturally and structurally and use them on different occasions. It is also said that the large number of worshippers and mourners attending ceremonies in Europe are organized by these centers, serving as a show of power by the Islamic Republic in the heart of Europe."
The IZH has been a hub of pro-Hezbollah activism and support for Qasem Soleimani, the former commander of IRGC's Quds Force. In early 2023, the German Federal Administrative Court ruled that the IZH and its affiliated Blue Mosque are "extremist Islamic organizations."
In the face of rising temperatures and heat, the Iranian government has announced the closure of government offices and banks nationwide on Sunday, July 28.
Ali-Akbar Mehrabian, the Minister of Energy, has acknowledged the challenges in producing and supplying electricity, highlighting the increasing pressure on the power grid. "From today on, it will become increasingly difficult to produce and supply sufficient electricity," Mehrabian stated, adding that each one-degree increase in temperature puts an additional 2,300 megawatts of pressure on the grid.
Heatwave strains an already fragile system
The current heatwave has seen temperatures in Tehran reach 40 degrees Celsius for the second consecutive day, while Varamin, a town near the capital, recorded a temperature of 43.2 degrees in the past 24 hours. Delgan in Sistan-Baluchestan province hit 50 degrees Celsius, making it the hottest city in Iran. Bafgh in Yazd province also saw temperatures rise to 49.3 degrees, setting a new record over the past 50 years. According to the Meteorological Organization, the peak of this heatwave is expected between July 24 and 28.
The Iranian government's response to the crisis has been to declare a holiday, shutting down all government offices and banks (excluding emergency and rescue services) on Sunday. Earlier, working hours for government offices on Saturday were cut short to 10 AM.
On July 25, Mehdi Abbasnejad Najafabadi, a climate change researcher, warned about the extreme heat and increased UV radiation, urging people to stay indoors. This advice came too late for the 225 people who had already been hospitalized due to heatstroke, according to Babak Yektaparast, spokesperson for the National Emergency Organization.
Underinvestment and mismanagement
The root of Iran's energy crisis lies in underinvestment and mismanagement. Mostafa Rajabi Mashhadi, spokesperson for Iran's electricity industry, predicted that electricity consumption would exceed 77,514 megawatts in the next two weeks, setting a new record.
Omid Shokri, an Istanbul-based Senior Researcher at George Mason University and Energy Expert, criticized the Iranian government for failing to invest adequately in the energy sector.
"The Iranian government needs to spend at least 6 billion dollars annually to meet the country's electricity needs, but this target has only been achieved once in the past 15 years (in 2010)," Shokri said.
"As long as sanctions remain in place and the FATF issue remains unresolved, the energy crisis will continue to worsen daily for the Iranian people," he added.
The consequences of the government's inability to provide electricity are severe. In addition to affecting homes, recent weeks have seen power cuts or quota-based distribution for offices, industrial estates, and industries. This has plunged hundreds of cities and villages into darkness during the peak summer heat multiple times.
Mansour Sohrabi, an expert in ecology and environmental science, emphasized the inefficiency of Iran's energy policies. "Most people in Iran use water-based air conditioners, with nearly 30 million such units in use across the country. These consume a significant amount of water and electricity," Sohrabi explained.
"The government's plans are not compatible with climate change, and they must be adjusted to address climate change accordingly."
The halt in investment in the electricity industry, the lack of development of power plants, and the aging grid are the main reasons for the electricity imbalance and the 14,000-megawatt shortage in Iran. As experts have pointed out, the government's failures are pushing the country towards an increasingly unsustainable future, with ordinary citizens bearing the brunt of this mismanagement.
Nameh News reported that former Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, who was the chief nuclear negotiator with the West in 2021 has been selected as the prospective foreign minister. However, no official announcement has yet been made.
The report also said that long-time diplomat and top-level official Ali-Akbar Salehi will head the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran.
Pezeshkian will be officially inaugurated as the next president on Sunday, July 28, in a ceremony presided over by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Two days later, he will take the oath of office in the parliament. According to parliamentary law, the new president is required to present his agenda and introduce his cabinet ministers within two weeks of his inauguration.
No names or lists of ministers is considered final until the president officially submits his proposed appointees to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
During Pezeshkian's presidential campaign, initial speculations pointed towards former Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif as a key cabinet member. However, shortly after Pezeshkian's victory, Zarif announced that he would not be joining the administration.
Instead, he was appointed as the head of the Strategic Council for Transition, tasked with identifying and recommending ministerial candidates.
Asr-e Iran, a moderate-conservative website, on Thursday claimed that it has identified the three potential candidates for the foreign minister role selected by the committee, from whom Pezeshkian must choose.
All candidates belong to the reformist faction: former Deputy Foreign Ministers Abbas Araghchi and Seyyed Mohammad Sadr, who also served as Deputy Foreign Minister for Arab and African Affairs, and academic and former Ambassador to Russia, Mehdi Sanaei.
Earlier in July, the IRGC-affiliated Tasnim news agency also identified Araghchi as the "most probable" candidate for the foreign ministry.
Tasnim also asserted that Pezeshkian's message to Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, was authored by Araghchi.
Araghchi, served as deputy to Zarif during Hassan Rouhani's presidency, which concluded in mid-2021. He was Zarif's right-hand man during talks that led to the 2015 JCPOA nuclear deal.
Another potential candidate named in the media is Mehdi Sanaei, who served as Iran's Ambassador to Russia, Senior Advisor to the Foreign Ministry, and a former Member of Parliament. The Iranian media highlight his fluency in English, Russian, and Arabic, recognizing him as both a practitioner and a professor in international relations.
During political roundtables and election debates, Sanaei served as one of Pezeshkian's political advisors, leading the media to believe that he was one of Pezeshkian's candidates for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 2019, Sanaei found himself at the center of a significant controversy following the death of his daughter in Moscow, described as an apparent suicide. The Iranian embassy announced Arefe Sanaei's passing on social media but denied suicide as the cause, attributing her death to a "brain stroke."
Contradictorily, a local TV station reported that the ambassador's daughter fell from a ninth-floor window onto a Renault car, resulting in her death. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), a US-funded news organization, corroborated this account, confirming local media reports that Arefe Sanaei fell onto a car in the street.
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei has consistently reiterated his priorities, which include supporting proxy groups in the region and steadfastly advancing the nuclear program. In his latest speech, he praised the parliamentary-approved "Strategic Action Plan to Lift Sanctions and Protect the Iranian Nation’s Interests," which mandates the government to increase uranium enrichment and reduce UN inspections According to Zarif, this law has been a significant obstacle to achieving meaningful progress in negotiations.
In an article published on Saturday, the firebrand Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the flagship hardliner newspaper Kayhan, funded by Ali Khamenei's office, criticized the newly elected Masoud Pezeshkian's Strategic Council for Transition.
Shariatmadari contended that the council, entrusted with identifying and proposing ministerial candidates, comprises individuals ill-suited for their roles. Using harsh language, he blasted them for incompetence and fraud but also for their supposed liberal leanings without offering any concrete evidence.
"Many members of the council and its subcommittees have a history marked by collaboration with enemy intelligence services, security convictions, corruption, and defense of homosexuality," the radical ideologue continued. "Their track records reveal disbelief in the system and the revolution, and they have openly aligned and collaborated with the US, UK, and Israel during riots and uprisings."
While he did not name anyone specifically, most of the hardliners' critiques these days are directed at former Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, who leads the council.
Shariatmadari accused the council of "open alignment and collaboration with the US, UK, and Israel," engaging in secret meetings with known US adversaries, and complying with directives from then-US Secretary of State John Kerry regarding Yemen.
Most of his criticism implicated Zarif specifically, as Shariatmadari's critique of foreign policy alluded to the 2015 incident when former US Secretary of State John Kerry issued a warning to Iran over its alleged support for Houthi rebels in Yemen.
In 2021, Iran International TV released an audio recording in which Zarif discussed his purportedly close relationship with former US Secretary of State John Kerry. Also, in 2018, John Kerry admitted that he had met with Zarif to preserve the 2015 nuclear deal with Tehran.
Shariatmadari further criticized Pezeshkian, asserting that although his rhetoric aligns with Khamenei's directives, his actions, particularly the formation of this council, contradict them.
“Given the divergent perspectives of the majority of the steering council members and its subcommittees from the Islamic and revolutionary viewpoints of Mr. Pezeshkian, there is a legitimate concern that the candidates recommended by this council and its subcommittees for ministerial and other critical positions may be fundamentally misaligned with the objectives of the honorable President,” Shariatmadari wrote.
The initial list of 16 members in the council includes prominent 'reformist' figures such as former Government Spokesman Ali Rabiei, Pezeshkian's campaign manager Ali Abdolalizadeh, academics Hadi Khaniki and Mohsen Renani, former Minister of Economy Ali Tayyebnia, former Culture Minister Reza Salehi Amiri, and former lawmakers Ali Tajernia and Ali Shakouri-Rad.
The council is under scrutiny not only from hardliners but also from reformists, as jockeying takes place to obtain ministerial posts. Despite its claims of implementing "reverse discrimination" to include women and religious minorities, the council features few female members.
Every faction appears eager to secure a position in the cabinet and is apprehensive about others gaining dominance, particularly given the significance of the upcoming four years. This period is crucial due to concerns over Khamenei's advanced age and the potential for this administration to act as a transitional government during potentially turbulent times if a new leader assumes power.
On Thursday, Mohammad Ali Abtahi, a prominent reformist politician and senior aide to former President Mohammad Khatami, questioned the cabinet's inclusivity. He pointed out that while hardliners are expected to be included in this cabinet, they do not reciprocate by including reformists when they are in power.
"In Ebrahim Raisi’s government, even those with the slightest association with reformists were excluded from any positions," Abtahi said.
Meanwhile, reformist commentator Abbas Abdi attempted to mirror Pezeshkian's rhetoric of bridging the gaps between various political factions. This approach aligns closely with Khamenei's recent call for unity, emphasizing the need for "one voice to be heard from Iran."
Using a football analogy, a favored sport in Iran, Abdi remarked in Etemaad daily on Saturday: “The political game in Iran is influenced more by the conditions of the playing field than by its direct players, such as the cabinet and ministers. The playing field has been severely damaged. There are numerous disagreements and inefficiencies within the administrative and executive structures in politics.”
It appears that Abdi, consciously or unconsciously, is advocating for changes similar to those proposed by Pezeshkian—changes that are not feasible with the Supreme Leader at the helm. However, Abdi did not explicitly express his stance on Khamenei; instead, he deferred to Pezeshkian, who has so far received Khamenei's support.
In the final analysis, it is difficult to determine whether Shariatmadari's provocative statements are his own or if they reflect directives from the Supreme Leader's office.
Iran's Deputy Transportation Minister, Kheirollah Khademi, stated this week that if Tehran cannot secure Moscow’s loan, its participation in the railway project would be essentially meaningless.
Despite years of negotiations and the signing of several memoranda of understanding, with the latest one concluded 15 months ago, Moscow has yet to decide on investing in or providing a loan to Tehran for the completion of the project.
The railway would connect the two northern cities of Rasht and Astara, on the border with Azerbaijan – and make it a critical segment of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) to link India, Iran, Russia, and Europe.
With the project requiring a $1 billion investment, the Islamic Republic has sought Russian loans, aiming to earn transit revenue from moving Russian goods to Asian countries and vice versa.
In May 2023, alongside the signing of a MoU between the two countries to develop this railway line, then-Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s website described it as a "giant project."
It announced that the railway line was scheduled to be completed in three years, stating it would have the capacity to transport 10 million tons of cargo in its first year of operation, as well as up to one million passengers annually.
Based on this, Raisi's website stated, the railway could generate $20 billion annually for Iran.
Yet, expecting $20 billion in annual revenue from a $1 billion investment in a 164-kilometer railway can be seen as unviable, given that Iran's total foreign cargo transit revenue from all modes of transport (roads, railways, air, and sea) was $1 billion in the previous year, according to Iranian customs statistics.
More importantly, Iran has 15,000 kilometers of railway lines, yet only a very small portion of foreign goods transit is conducted via these railways.
It is thus unclear how the government expects to generate $20 billion in annual revenue by adding just 164 kilometers (approximately one percent) to its existing railway lines.
Adding further uncertainty to the project's future is Khademi's admission that the final cost of the project has not yet been determined.
Iranian authorities' approach of exaggeration
In recent years, Iran has taken an exaggerated approach in its cooperation with Russia and China to counter perceptions of international isolation.
For instance, Iranian Oil Minister Javad Owji recently claimed that Russia has agreed to deliver 300 million cubic meters per day (mcm/d) of gas to Iran through the construction of a massive pipeline, which would transform the Islamic Republic into a "regional energy hub."
This claim of 300 mcm/d in Russian gas deliveries starkly contrasts with the current reality, where only Turkey and Iraq are customers of Iranian gas. Last year, their combined daily purchases from Iran totaled just 33 mcm.
Moreover, Pakistan has suspended its contract to import 22 million cubic meters per day (mcm/d) of Iranian gas since 2015 due to the risks of US sanctions. Even if Pakistan were to begin importing gas from Iran, the Islamic Republic would be able to export only 55 mcm/d in total. It remains unclear how the additional Russian gas would benefit Iran.
Meanwhile, both Turkey and Iraq, as Iranian gas customers, have signed agreements with Turkmenistan for gas purchases.
Turkey not only directly purchases gas from Russia but also transits Russian gas to Europe, essentially eliminating the need to buy Russian gas via Iran.
Iran itself faces a gas deficit, and if it were to consume imported Russian gas, the cost would be equivalent to the annual budget of the government, making it practically impossible.
Iranian Oil Minister Javad Owji last week went even further, claiming that Russia has agreed to bear the cost of constructing a gas export pipeline to Iran via the Caspian Sea.
The estimated cost of constructing a pipeline with a daily transmission capacity of 300 million cubic meters (mcm) of gas is approximately $20 billion for the maritime segment alone. Additionally, hundreds of kilometers of pipeline would need to be laid across Russia's land segment to reach the northern Caspian Sea. Given that Russia has not been willing to invest even $1 billion in a short Iranian railway line to complete its North-South corridor for the transit of goods to Asian markets over the past two decades, it is highly doubtful that Russia would be willing to spend tens of billions of dollars to build a gas pipeline to Iran.
Owji’s expectation, therefore, appears to be highly unrealistic.
Myth of capital attraction
Iranian officials often said that over the past three years, the country has attracted $13 billion in foreign capital.
This figure, however, represents foreign investment permits issued by the government in the past three years, rather than the actual investments made by foreign companies or governments in Iran.
According to statistics from the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Iran has attracted a total of $4.347 billion in direct foreign investment over the past three years. In comparison, this figure is eight times less than Turkey's foreign investment and fifteen and seventeen times less than that of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, respectively.
Meanwhile, the statistics by the Central Bank of Iran show that the net capital account in Iran was negative $44.5 billion from March 2020 to December 2023.
In other words, capital flight from Iran over the past three years has been equivalent to ten times the amount of foreign direct investment attracted during the same period.
Capital flight from Iran exceeded $20 billion in the first nine months of the last fiscal year (March 20, 2023, to December 22, 2023), marking a historic record. The Central Bank has not yet published the net capital account status for the entire fiscal year.
While Russia continues to procrastinate in granting a $1 billion loan for the Rasht-Astara railway line, the Iranian state has expediently provided hundreds of suicide drones to Moscow over the last year for its military invasion of Ukraine.
As a result, Iran not only faced severe sanctions from Europe and the United States but also effectively lost the opportunity to continue nuclear negotiations for sanctions relief. This situation is exacerbated by Russia's imposition of preconditioned sanctions exemptions on trade with Iran and its reported takeover of Iran's oil, steel, and petrochemical markets in Asia, further diminishing Iran’s ability to negotiate for sanctions relief.
Hezbollah quickly denied any involvement in the attack. Mohammed Afif, Hezbollah's chief spokesman, told The Associated Press that the group "categorically denies carrying out an attack on Majdal Shams", a Druze village in Israeli-controlled Golan Heights.
However, the Israeli military says the rocket used in the attack was “a Falaq-1 rocket, an Iranian rocket, manufactured in Iran, a rocket with a warhead of over 50 kilograms of explosives."
Speaking in a press conference, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, the Israeli military's chief spokesman called it a "very serious" incident and promised to act accordingly.
"Hezbollah fired a rocket at children playing soccer in northern Israel. It then lied and claimed they did not carry out the attack," said Hagari. He noted it was the deadliest assault on Israeli civilians since the October 7 Hamas attack that ignited the war in Gaza.
Middle East affairs expert Menashe Amir told Iran International, "It was tolerable over the past 10 months as long as Hezbollah only sent a single rocket, missile, mortar, or drone, even in cases where minor damage was caused, and even when one person, whether military or civilian, was killed. But today, two horrific incidents have occurred that have put Israel at a crossroads."
"One was an attack on a gas field in the Mediterranean Sea, and much worse, was an attack on a soccer field that led to the deaths of 10 Druze children. They were Arab Druze to whom Israel had granted citizenship. This is what has put Israel at a crossroads, compelling it to respond," Amir said.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was visiting the United States, announced he would cut his trip short in response to the attack. He said he was “shocked” to see the attack, pledging that Israel will “not let this pass in silence.”
“Among the murdered were small children who were playing soccer,” Netanyahu said in a video statement, “and others were also other murdered. Our hearts are all broken by these sights.”
Iran’s reaction
Mojtaba Amani, Iran’s ambassador to Lebanon, referred to the deadly attack on Majdal Shams and said, "We do not expect Israel to start a war against Lebanon and the region; considering the balance of power, we believe the likelihood of such an event is very low."
Mohsen Rezaei, a former chief-commander of the Revolutionary Guard, also wrote on X that “Netanyahu, out of desperation or madness, believes that by starting an adventure in Lebanon, he can escape the quagmire of Gaza; however, he is stepping towards a deeper and more formidable quagmire.”
Since its establishment in 1979, Iran's Islamic government has been a staunch adversary of Israel and the United States. In the early 1980s, it established Hezbollah in Lebanon as a proxy force to confront Israel. Over the past two decades, Iran has created additional proxy forces in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and the Palestinian territories. Furthermore, it has developed networks across other Middle Eastern, African, and Western countries.
International reactions
Lebanon's government, while not specifically mentioning Majdal Shams, called for an "immediate cessation of hostilities on all fronts" and condemned all attacks on civilians.
The attack also sparked shock and fear among American politicians, with several House Representatives blaming Iran for the bloodshed. Maryland Congressman Steny Hoyer stated that the attack on Majdal Shams "is further evidence that Israelis are under siege by Iran and its proxies including Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis.
He also called it "another example of the Iran-sponsored reign of terror in the north of Israel where tens of thousands have been displaced since 10/7."
House Representative Lois Frankel condemned the attack on X, saying, "Israel remains under constant threat from Iran and its proxies. We must continue to stand by our ally as she defends herself from terror."
New York Representative Anthony D’Esposito also blamed Iran, stating, "The USA must stand resolutely behind Israel and reject the aggression of Iran and their terror proxies like Hezbollah and Hamas."
In 2018, the US government reported that Iran provides Hezbollah with an estimated $700 million annually. Earlier, in 2016, Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah, publicly stated in a speech that his organization’s funding comes directly from Iran.
This funding supports Hezbollah’s extensive military capabilities, which include an arsenal of approximately 150,000 missiles and rockets aimed at Israel. The financial support from Iran allows Hezbollah to maintain its militant activities and exert considerable influence in Lebanon and beyond.
The bigger picture
Saturday's attack coincides with negotiations between Israel and Hamas regarding a potential cease-fire to end the nearly 10-month conflict and secure the release of approximately 110 hostages held in Gaza. The war began with a surprise Hamas attack on October 7, which killed around 1,200 people and led to Israel's retaliatory offensive, resulting in over 39,000 deaths, according to Hamas health authorities.
The Saturday rocket strike follows earlier cross-border violence between Israel and the Lebanon-based Shia militia on Saturday, where Hezbollah reported the deaths of three fighters. Israel’s military confirmed an airstrike on a Hezbollah arms depot in the border village of Kfar Kila, indicating militants were present at the time.
Israel and Hezbollah have also been exchanging fire since October 8. Recent months have seen increased cross-border violence, with Israeli airstrikes and Hezbollah's rocket and drone attacks reaching deeper into each other's territories.
Since October, Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon have killed more than 450 people, primarily Hezbollah members, along with about 90 civilians and non-combatants. On the Israeli side, 44 people have been killed, including at least 21 soldiers.
Looking forward
As the situation escalates, Israel faces critical decisions on how to respond to the latest attack. Menashe Amir believes the potential for a severe military reaction against Hezbollah or even broader targets in Lebanon is high. However, such actions carry the risk of sparking an all-out war, with devastating consequences for the entire region.
“If Israel now enters an all-out war with Hezbollah, the militant group has long-range precision missiles capable of launching severe, deadly, and destructive attacks on numerous locations within Israel. Israel has no choice but to respond with a crushing reaction, which could, however, escalate into a full-scale war," Amir said.
Another critical question is the potential response from Hezbollah's main sponsor, Iran. If Tehran gets engaged in the war, "the consequences of such a conflict for the Middle East would be extremely destructive. Hezbollah's precision missiles can target many areas within Israel, while Israel's powerful air force can devastate numerous areas inside Lebanon,” Amir told Iran International.
