Iran executed Jamshid Sharmahd, a 68-year-old software developer and California resident who also held German citizenship, the Judiciary's news agency said on Monday, two days after the biggest Israeli attack on the Islamic Republic in its history.
“The deployment of law enforcement and security forces in Pasargadae began on October 26, and fencing and concrete barriers have also been set up on the road leading to the tomb of Cyrus,” wrote Seday-e Miras, connected to the state's Ministry of Cultural Heritage, on Sunday.
According to this report, access restrictions to these two historic sites apply only to Iranian citizens until Thursday, while foreign tourists and tour groups can still visit Pasargadae, the original capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and Persepolis, its ceremonial capital, without restrictions.
The report also states that even Persepolis staff must carry special permits to access the site during these days.
Thousands of Iranians and history enthusiasts gather at Cyrus’ tomb and Persepolis every year on October 28.
Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the state has increasingly suppressed celebrations of pre-Islamic heritage, viewing them as potential threats to the Islamic state's authority.
For at least a decade, authorities have restricted access to Cyrus’s tomb at Pasargadae, deploying security forces to prevent large gatherings due to concerns that these might escalate into anti-state protests.
In 2016, significant anti-state protests erupted near Cyrus’s tomb, serving as a catalyst that contributed to the broader Iranian protests of 2017–2018.
An anonymous citizen provided Iran International Persian with a video on Sunday, showing blocked road leading to Persepolis.
The Islamic Republic's clampdown has regularly targeted access to Persepolis and other ancient sites on specific dates, including on Nowruz -- the Persian New Year.
Nowruz has roots in ancient Persian and Zoroastrian traditions, predating the advent of Islam by approximately 1,400 to 1,500 years.
“People in Iran are looking for their national identity in a situation where the Islamic Republic is looking to create an umma outside its borders, so commemorating such a day will not be acceptable by the government,” historian and researcher Alireza Manafzadeh told Iran International Persian.
Cyrus II of Persia, known as Cyrus the Great, founded the Achaemenid Persian Empire, recognized as the world’s first superpower due to its vast scale and influence. He unified the ancient Near Eastern states, creating an empire that spanned West and Central Asia—the largest of its time. October 28–31 marks the anniversary of Cyrus’s peaceful entry into Babylon, an event recorded as occurring without conflict according to ancient accounts.
Cyrus the Great Day, though not an official holiday, received informal backing from the Pahlavi dynasty, notably when former king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi restored Cyrus's tomb in 1971 to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire.
Although a few government officials and parliamentarians have occasionally expressed support for organizing Cyrus Day ceremonies, the purported effort has faced opposition from the Fars province officials.
On Monday, the daily news outlet Payam-e Ma reported that senior officials in the province are neglecting noticeable ground cracks near Cyrus's tomb while diverting funds to other projects.
Iran’s former Minister of Cultural Heritage, Ezzatollah Zarghami, described the boundaries of historical sites as a significant issue needing resolution.
In late December 2023, he criticized the restrictions by questioning why the residents of Pasargadae cannot build two-story houses or drill wells due to the presence of Cyrus’s tomb and the associated protective regulations. Prior to that, in 2021, Zarghami advocated for amending regulations to ease construction around historical sites, including agricultural wells near Cyrus's tomb.
In recent years, there have been significant concerns regarding the management and protection of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage sites. Reports say that construction activities and insufficient funding for preservation efforts have posed threats to these culturally significant locations.
Speaking at a weekly televised news conference, Baghaei said: "(Iran) will use all available tools to deliver a definite and effective response to the Zionist regime (Israel)".
"The nature of our response will depend on the nature of the attack," he said without elaborating.
Iran previously played down Israel's air attack on Saturday, saying it caused only limited damage, with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei not calling for retaliation during his first speech after the attack.
He said on Sunday that Iranian officials should determine how best to demonstrate Iran's power to Israel, adding that the Israeli attack should "neither be downplayed nor exaggerated".
Scores of Israeli jets completed three waves of strikes before dawn on Saturday against missile factories and other sites near Tehran and in western Iran, Israel's military said.
The heavily armed arch-enemies have engaged in a cycle of retaliatory moves against each other for months, with Saturday's strike coming after an Iranian missile barrage on October 1, much of which Israel said was downed by its air defences.
Iran backs Hezbollah, which is engaged in heavy fighting with Israeli forces in Lebanon, and also the Palestinian militant group Hamas, which is battling Israel in the Gaza Strip.
Baghaei noted that Iran has supported all international processes against Israel, such as those at the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, saying, "We believe these processes should continue without interruption."
Also on Monday, the commander of Iran's Revolutionary Guards (IRGC), Hossein Salami, warned Israel of severe and unimaginable consequences for the attack.
In a message commemorating those killed in the recent attack, Salami said that Israeli attacks were thwarted by the country's air defense systems.
Echoing the words of Khamenei, Salami said that the attack indicated a miscalculation on Israel's part.
The Israeli air force conducted the strikes across various Iranian sites early on Saturday, with Netanyahu explaining that the operation’s purpose was to prevent Iran from advancing missile technology aimed at Israel.
The Israeli military said three waves of Israeli jets struck missile factories and other sites near Tehran and in western Iran early on Saturday in retaliation for Tehran's October 1 barrage of more than 200 ballistic missiles against Israel.
Israeli F-35 fighters entered Iran's airspace for the first time in during the Saturday raids. The New York Times and Axios, citing sources, reported that Israel targeted advanced Russian-made S-300 air defense batteries in Iran. "Four S-300 air defense batteries that were in strategic locations and protected Tehran and nuclear and energy facilities in Iran were also attacked."
Playing down the damage, Iran’s military said the Israeli warplanes used "very light warheads" to strike border radar systems in the provinces of Ilam, Khuzestan and around Tehran.
Farzin Nadimi, a security analyst and a senior fellow at the Washington Institute, told Iran International that Israel’s four-hour bombardment achieved a "very significant result”, in spite of Washington urging the Jewish state to moderate its response to nearly 200 ballistic missiles fired at Israel this month.
Sites including a former nuclear testing site closed down in 2003 and military facilities were hit in the barrage.
He said the attack should not be overestimated, however. "Had Israel intended to target Iran's air defense, including its command-and-control centers, it would have to carry out a more complex, prolonged, and riskier operation."
According to Nadimi, some of those more risky targets are located "under mountains and underground," adding that attacking them is not possible solely with air-launched ballistic missiles.
Reuters reported that the attack came after weeks of the Biden administration tempering the nature of Israel’s response to an attack which many feared would see a regional war erupt.
Fearing a major flare-up between the longtime foes, the US President, Joe Biden, and the administration, have been in regular contact with Israeli officials to keep the retaliation “proportional”.
A senior US official told Iran International that the US “does not approve targets, nor do we want to take that responsibility”, however, as the region sits on the edge of an all-out war, Washington has been critical in tempering Israel’s response.
Reuters reported that just hours after Iran’s massive missile barrage, the administration sent an urgent message to Israel urging them to take a breath, and make a calculated response to the two consecutive attacks which sent the entire nation into bomb shelters.
Citing current and former US officials, Reuters reported that the US had done its utmost to influence the nature of the response, making clear it would not support strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities.
While Israel destroyed key Iranian air defenses and missile production facilities, weakening Iran's military, the attack avoided Iran's sensitive nuclear sites and energy infrastructure, meeting Biden's two top demands.
"US pressure was critically important," said Jonathan Panikoff, a former deputy U.S. national intelligence officer for the Middle East, speaking to Reuters.
"Israeli decision-making would have been far different had the Biden administration not taken measures to push Israel not to strike nuclear or energy sites,” he added.
The Israeli strikes, in addition to targeting air defense sites, hit missile production facilities across Iran.
Commercially available satellite imagery revealed significant damage at the Parchin military complex, one the most expansive and secretive Iranian missile production facilities.
Some of the targets at the missile facilities were sophisticated mixing machines used to make solid fuel for advanced ballistic missiles, such as those that Tehran has used to attack Israel directly.
The Institute for the Study of War assessed that “Iran will likely need months or possibly a year or more to acquire new mixing equipment.”
“The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) inflicted serious damage to the Iranian integrated air defense network during its strikes on Iran on October 25,” its analysis said.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has denied that Israel avoided striking Iranian gas and oil facilities because of US pressure.
"Israel chose in advance the attack targets according to its national interests and not according to American dictates," he said.
President Biden was quick to say that the US supported Israel’s right to defend itself and make clear he supported a “proportionate” retaliation, but made clear he would not stand behind a global war triggering attack on Iran’s nuclear sites.
"In the hours after that attack, we promised serious consequences for Iran," according to one senior Biden administration official speaking to Reuters.
US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin held around a dozen calls with his Israeli counterpart, Yoav Gallant, since this month’s attack, the two having a strong relationship which has been key since the outbreak of the Gaza war, triggered by Iran-backed Hamas.
"We knew they were getting ready to do something, and he was pushing for it to be proportional," one US official told Reuters of Austin's conversations with Gallant.
The US Secretary of State Antony Blinken was a key player in shoring up global support for Israel’s right to defend itself, with both Western and Arab allies alike, explaining that Israel would have to respond but assuring them that Washington was working to calibrate it.
Iran’s second barrage this year was also significant. Jeffrey Lewis, a non-proliferation expert at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, said that analysis of satellite imagery showed at least 30 impacts at Israel's Nevatim Airbase alone.
It has raised questions as to whether Israel was trying to conserve dwindling air defenses or simply thought that the hardened facility would be less expensive to repair than to repel each projectile fired by Iran, Lewis told Reuters.
"Israel may have decided that the stockpiles were running low or that interceptors were just too expensive to use on ballistic missiles," Lewis said.
One US official told Reuters that Iran’s nuclear and oil sites were on the list of potential targets, but to counter this, Washington worked to impose oil sanctions targeting Iran's so-called "Ghost Fleet" to offer an alternative measure to the Israelis who wanted to damage Iran's oil revenues with a kinetic strike.
The United States had worked to bolster Israel's air defenses ahead of its Saturday strike on Iran including a rare US deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, or THAAD, to Israel along with about 100 US soldiers to operate it.
But it came on the condition of knowing the plans beforehand, according to Reuters, hashed out in a call between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Biden on October 9, in which a general plan was shared.
The US also shored up support from Europe which levied more sanctions on Iran Air, and showing the world that US had Israel's back were other key elements of this "package" of alternative measures, while trying to avert an all-out war.
Since the October ballistic missile bombardment, the US military also carried out a strike against the Iran-aligned Houthis in Yemen with long-range B-2 stealth bombers, another message to show it was working against Tehran.
As the threat of an Iranian response looms large, US support continues, with Israel playing ball with its most powerful and needed ally. ”If Iran chooses to respond once again, we will be ready, and there will be consequences for Iran once again. However, we do not want to see that happen," the senior Biden administration official told Reuters.
Mike Turner, a Republican congressman who chairs the House Intelligence Committee recently told Fox News, "They've limited the ability for Israel to really impact Iran and its ability to continue to threaten Israel."
Aaron David Miller, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said the approach may not be the same should Donald Trump win the upcoming elections.
"If Trump wins this election, I think that the Israelis will perhaps even look for opportunities in the months ahead, now that they've demonstrated that they can get away with dismantling Iran's air defense systems and essentially doing a good deal of damage," Miller said.
Since October 7 last year, when Hamas, designated a terror group in countries including the US and UK, attacked Israel, Iran’s militias around the region have risen up in support of the Gaza-based militia.
Israel has endured attacks from Yemen’s Houthis, Lebanon’s Hezbollah, and militias in Iraq, the West Bank, and Syria, in addition to direct attacks from Tehran.
Sharmahd was abducted by Iranian agents during a visit to the United Arab Emirates in 2020 and forcibly taken to Iran. In February 2023, the Iranian judiciary sentenced him to death on charges of endangering national security.
Sharmahd was convicted of heading a pro-monarchist group named Tondar accused of a deadly bombing incident that occurred in 2008 at a religious center in Shiraz, killing 14 and injuring 215 more. The accusation, repeatedly denied by the political prisoner, was never substantiated by documented evidence.
The US green card holder's execution comes two days after the Israeli airstrikes on Iranian military sites. Iranian officials have accused the US of allowing Israel to use Iraq's airspace to carry out the attack, calling for Washington's accountability as "Israel's accomplice".
Reactions
Germany's foreign minister Annalena Baerbock issued a statement calling the execution a murder.
"I condemn in the strongest terms the murder of Jamshid Sharmahd by the Iranian regime... We made it unequivocally clear to Tehran that the execution of a German citizen would have severe consequences," she posted on X.
Abram Paley, US deputy special envoy for Iran called the execution abhorrent and condemned the country's rising rate of executions.
"Sharmahd should never have been imprisoned in the first place," Paley wrote on X. "His kidnapping and rendition, as well as sham trial and reports of torture, were reprehensible. We...stand with the international community in holding the regime accountable for its horrific abuses."
Iran conducted the most executions of any country in the world after China last year, Amnesty said in a report in May, adding that nearly 75% of all executions worldwide in 2023 outside China were in Iran.
The recent wave of executions brings the total number of hangings in Iran this year to more than 567, including 20 women, according to rights groups.
Earlier this month, HRNA reported that at least 811 people had been executed in Iran between 10 October 2023 and 8 October 2024, coinciding with the annual World Day Against the Death Penalty.
Call for international response
Kambiz Ghafouri, a Finland-based political analyst, believes the international community must take serious action against Tehran to prevent such cases from happening again.
"The Islamic Republic acts like an abusive, alcoholic, and addicted father who, whenever goes out and gets beaten up by someone stronger, returns home to beat up his stepchildren so they don’t become too bold. The Islamic Republic has acted exactly in this way," Ghafouri told Iran International.
"Experience has shown that dealing with a violent, criminal, alcoholic man requires a superior force from outside the family. The international community must severely punish the Islamic Republic; otherwise, we will face more instances like this," he added.
