Iran’s parliament is due to announce next month its Hijab and Chastity Law which adds new fines for violating the theocracy's mandatory hijab rules, speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf said on Wednesday.
The accused allegedly assisted in transporting weapon components for the assassination in November 2020 of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, a leading figure in Iran’s nuclear program.
The senior Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps official was killed by a vehicle-mounted robotic gun, in a complex operation likely carried out by Tehran's arch-nemesis Israel.
Iran’s judiciary announced last week the sentencing of three cross-border porters, called Kolbars in Kurdish, to death for unwittingly bringing in components of the weapon into Iran from neighboring Iraq.
The men were identified earlier this month as Edris Aali, Azad Shojaei, and Rasul Ahmad Mohammad, the latter being a Sulaymaniyah resident in Iraqi Kurdistan.
In July 2023, after initial trials in Fakhrizadeh’s case, Iranian security forces arrested the three in Sardasht. One of them, Aali, spent eight months in detention before being moved to Urmia Central Prison.
Shojaei confessed to smuggling weapon parts under torture, Iran International has learned. Mohammad, the third accused, was apprehended after investigators found his number on Aali’s phone.
Two sources in Sardasht in Western Iran, and a contact close to the families told Iran International that two other porters, Rahman Qanjeh and Khaled Elyasi, were detained one month after Fakhrizadeh’s assassination in November 2020.
Qanjeh, a father of three who smuggled alcohol for his livelihood, and Elyasi, a porter between Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran, were accused of unknowingly transporting robotic weapon components.
Both men later confessed under duress, information obtained by Iran International shows, leading to an 8-year prison sentence.
A former Iranian intelligence minister, Mahmoud Alavi, acknowledged this week that the key perpetrators behind Fakhrizadeh’s killing had successfully fled the country.
He described intelligence operations that tracked suspects through Tehran, Arak, Hamedan, and Sanandaj before losing their trail in Saqqez.
"However, the case of (Mohsen) Fakhrizadeh was different. Everyone was identified. Nevertheless, we faced a vigilant enemy who, typically, would flee just half an hour before we could reach them,” added Alavi.
That admission appears to contradict the fresh death sentences related to the case for the Kurdish porters.
The November 2020 assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh near Tehran initially appeared to be an armed ambush. However, it was later revealed that he was killed by a remote-controlled machine gun, smuggled into Iran in parts and assembled on-site. Israeli intelligence allegedly deployed artificial intelligence and facial recognition to execute the attack, which lasted just minutes.
In the operation's aftermath, Iranian authorities detained 20 individuals in Baneh near the Iraqi border, even showcasing photos of a suspected insider from Fakhrizadeh’s security team. Nevertheless, the intelligence minister’s admission of failure in apprehending the primary culprits has drawn criticism.
Activists accuse Tehran of scapegoating porters through forced confessions and harsh sentences to deflect attention from their intelligence failures.
"Memories Left Behind" held over the weekend in Cologne, Germany paid tribute to the victims of 45 years of repression since the inception of the Islamic Republic in Iran.
The event coincided with the fifth anniversary of Iran's November 2019 protests, known as "Bloody November," in which security forces killed at least 1,500 protesters.
Organized by the Association of Victims' Families for Transitional Justice and the Association of Aban Families for Justice, the exhibition showcased personal belongings of victims, including handwritten letters, clothing and cherished keepsakes.
These items displayed served as a tribute to protesters, political prisoners, and victims of state repression beyond Iran's borders, spanning the mass executions of political prisoners in 1988 to the Woman, Life, Freedom uprising in 2022.
Soran Mansournia, whose brother Borhan was killed during the 2019 protests, reflected on the exhibition's meaning.
"We aimed to show the audience that the names and numbers seen in the news represent real people—human beings who fought for freedom and justice in Iran," said Mansournia, a co-founder Aban Families for Justice, whose name refers to the Persian month.
Mahboubeh Ramezani, the mother of Pezhman Gholipour, who was also killed during the November 2019 protests, shared a message with attendees which was played for the audience.
"Every photo, every name, every item displayed here tells a story of courage. These are stories of integrity and honor, of those who gave their lives for freedom and justice. We will not forget the crimes of the Islamic Republic."
Rahimeh Yousefzadeh, mother of Navid Behboudi, also killed during November 2019 protests remembered her son: “Navid, my passionate son, dreamed of justice and freedom, but the regime stole his dreams. We will not forget, and justice must be served.”
Fight against forgetting
The exhibition also commemorated the victims of the Woman, Life, Freedom uprising which began in September 2022 following the death of Mahsa Amini in morality police custody and was defined by months nationwide protests against theocratic rule.
Among the items displayed was a dress belonging to Minoo Majidi, who was killed during the uprising on September 20, 2022 in Kermanshah, Western Iran.
"My mother wore this dress during her birthday celebration in England," her daughter, Mahsa Piraei, said. "It was the first and last time she wore it. One of the goals of the exhibition is to fight against forgetting. These souls were not just numbers; they were loved ones with families who adored them."
Similarly, a jacket worn by 17-year-old protester Artin Rahmani killed during the same uprising on 16 November 2022 in Izeh, Southwestern Iran was on displayed.
"Artin joined the protests dressed in black the day after I warned him not to wear this jacket, as it was too identifiable during the previous day’s protests," his uncle, Foad Choobin recounted. "The next day at the protests, the Islamic Republic killed him with three bullets. We are here today to amplify Artin’s voice and the voices of others who were killed by the Islamic Republic."
A pair of shoes belonging to Fereydoun Mahmoudi, who was killed on September 19, 2022 during the protests in the Kurdish city of Saqqez, Western Iran.
"When I saw the photos of our loved ones and Fereydoun’s shoes displayed, I choked up," his brother Farhad said.
"Those shoes, once worn at weddings and formal occasions, now serve as a memento far from his homeland. Fereydoun sacrificed everything for freedom, prioritizing the fight for his country’s liberty over his own ambitions."
Remembering PS752 Flight victims shot down by the IRGC
The exhibition also included items cherished by those who lost their lives in the downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 by Iran’s Revolutionary Guards in January 2020.
A hat belonging to environmental activist Ghanimat Azhdari was among the artifacts. "This hat was part of her life," her sister, Azamat said. "Her memory and her fight lives on."
1988 mass executions: a legacy of loss
The exhibition also featured a section paying tribute to the victims of the 1988 mass executions of political prisoners.
Khatereh Moini, whose brother Hebat Elah was executed during then, shared a heartbreaking memory as she stood next to her brother’s shirt.
"I wanted to smell his shirt, to see if I could still remember his scent," she said, pointing to the faded shirt returned to her after over 35 years.
"Twelve of my family members were killed by the Islamic Republic, including my brother and my sister’s husband, Kasri Akbari Kurdestani, in the summer of 1988," Moini said.
During this time, Khatereh Moini witnessed the heart-wrenching plight of families, including her own, as they searched for their loved ones in unmarked graves.
In the wake of the 1988 massacre of political prisoners, many victims’ bodies were neither identified nor returned to their families. Instead, they were buried in mass graves at Khavaran, a cemetery in southeastern Tehran, where thousands of victims remain.
Moini, one of the witnesses to this atrocity, recalled the painful experience of searching for her family members' final resting place.
"I remember my mother digging the graves, and it is something that will never leave me," she said, her voice breaking.
Ongoing tragedies and transnational repression
The exhibition also highlighted transnational repression and ongoing tragedies, such as the disappearance of former political prisoner Ebrahim Babaei while fleeing Iran in 2021.
Among the items displayed was a pair of glasses that belonged to Babaei. His daughter, Shima, spoke about the pain of his absence.
"Instead of embracing my father, I was handed his belongings. His glasses and other personal belongings are a testament to his memory and the crimes committed against him. Two years and eleven months have passed, and I still cling to hope."
A collective vow for justice
Organizer and activist Lawdan Bazargan said the exhibition aimed not just at preserving lost loved ones' memories but winning a better future for Iran.
"This is not just about remembering the past but amplifying the voices of victims and their families. We will not forget. The voices of our loved ones must be heard, and justice must prevail."
The exhibition drew dozens of attendees, many visibly moved by the stories and items on display.
Bazargan noted that the exhibition only scratches the surface of the crimes committed by Iranian authorities against their people.
"The sheer scale of these crimes shocks viewers. Our fight for justice will continue until it bears fruit."
The parliament plans to formally refer the law on December 13 to President Masoud Pezeshkian, who is legally required to sign and implement it within five days.
The legislation, passed by parliament in September 2022 and approved by Iran's Guardian Council in late September this year, has faced delays as authorities weighed public backlash.
Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, a hardliner and a former senior Revolutionary Guards commander, said enforcement of the law will avoid direct confrontation with women - a controversial practice which has stoked mass protests.
"If an act of unveiling occurs, a text message will first be sent as a warning, followed by a second warning. Although the fine for the first offense is registered, it is not enforced initially. However, if the offense is repeated, the second fine will be applied," he added.
Hijab patrols have been eliminated, and the provisions, Ghalibaf said, are "clarified transparently and thoroughly."
Heavy penalties and adjusted timing
The law introduces significant fines, starting at 30 million rials (approximately $45) for a first violation, with repeat offenders facing fines of up to 240 million rials (around $350). The penalties, enforced through automated systems, represent a burden in a country where average monthly salaries range between $170 and $200.
The timing of the law's formal announcement was adjusted, Ghalibaf said, to account for security considerations tied to the anniversary of protests following the death of a young woman, Mahsa Amini, in morality police custody in 2022.
The months of mass demonstrations which followed saw many women publicly flout the compulsory Islamic dress code.
Ghalibaf in his remarks on Wednesday criticized the failure of most institutions to enforce previous hijab-related laws, saying that only the police had fulfilled their duties, albeit with occasional shortcomings.
However, questions linger about the infrastructure needed for implementation. Advanced equipment, such as surveillance cameras, remains limited. Ghalibaf acknowledged the gaps but added that measures are underway to ensure enforcement.
Public resistance and government control
The legislation faces strong public resistance, particularly since the Woman, Life, Freedom movement which lingers following Amini’s death.
Many women openly defy the hijab mandate, despite government crackdowns that have included the closure of businesses and impounding of vehicles linked to hijab violations.
Official reports indicate that at least 3,500 vehicles have been confiscated due to passengers violating hijab laws. Despite these crackdowns, many women continue to resist, with acts of civil disobedience such as public unveiling, sharing photos unveiled on social media and participating in protests.
This defiance highlights the pushback against what many perceive as a symbol of oppression, as widespread opposition to official inroads on women's rights and personal freedoms in the country festers.
Ahoo Daryaie, a 30-year-old Iranian doctoral student in French literature at Tehran's Islamic Azad University, became the latest symbol of resistance against Iran's compulsory hijab laws.
On November 2, after reportedly being confronted and harassed by Basij paramilitary forces over her attire, she protested by removing her clothes and sitting partially undressed in the university courtyard.
Following her protest, Daryaie was detained by Iranian authorities, leading to concerns about her whereabouts and treatment. Reports indicate she may have been held in a psychiatric facility, raising international alarm over her condition.
Her action has drawn global attention, with human rights organizations calling for her immediate release.
Daryaie's protest occurred two years after the death of Mahsa Amini, which had previously sparked nationwide demonstrations against Iran's strict dress code laws.
Amnesty International in May condemned Iran's harsh hijab crackdown, describing it as a war on women.
“Iranian authorities are waging a war on women to punish defiance of forced veiling in the wake of the Woman Life Freedom uprising.”
The organization has called on Iranian authorities to end the punishment of women and girls for exercising their rights to bodily autonomy, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion. Amnesty has urged the immediate repeal of all mandatory hijab laws and regulations and demanded the dissolution of security forces tasked with enforcing these laws.
