Saeed Khatibzadeh, a senior Iranian diplomat who helped mastermind Tehran's influence operations in the West, has been appointed head of the foreign ministry's think tank, the Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS).
Recent reports in Iranian media suggest that Zanjani, despite being officially incarcerated, may be laying the groundwork for ambitious economic projects, including ventures in cryptocurrency, aviation, and oil transport.
The conservative Khorasan daily recently questioned reports about Zanjani's involvement in launching a cryptocurrency bank named Bit Bank. Social media users have said that a sign bearing the bank's name has been spotted on a building in Tehran, fueling speculation about Zanjani's return to economic activities.
"Are the claims regarding Babak Zanjani's new activities true? If so, will he be released from prison, granted conditional freedom as previously mentioned by his lawyer, or will he launch a new round of economic activities from inside prison?" Khorasan asked in a recent editorial.
A video uploaded to a YouTube account in December attributed to Zanjani detailed plans for a blockchain-based economic initiative, describing Iran's economy as fertile ground for such innovations.
The timing of these activities raises eyebrows, given the Trump administration’s potential return to a maximum pressure policy against Iran. Cryptocurrency, particularly projects pegged to stable assets like the dollar, could serve as a tool for evading sanctions. However, no concrete evidence links Zanjani directly to these developments beyond the circulating social media claims.
Adding to the intrigue are notes attributed to Zanjani on social media suggesting the establishment of an airline, Dot One, which promises to transform Iran's aviation industry.
Another report said that Zanjani intends to launch a large-scale oil transport operation involving thousands of tanker trucks. While the authenticity of these statements remains uncertain, the ambitious tone mirrors the bold projects Zanjani was associated with during his heyday.
Conservative media outlets in Iran have called on judiciary officials to clarify Zanjani’s legal and operational status.
In response to speculation about Zanjani’s release from prison, judiciary spokesperson Asghar Jahangir earlier said: "Babak Zanjani has neither been released nor is he on leave." The official said that no recent developments support claims of Zanjani’s release.
Nevertheless, Zanjani’s lawyer, Rasoul Kouhpayeizadeh, fueled speculation by posting a photo on Instagram showing Zanjani with an individual dressed as someone from a Persian Gulf Arab country, tagged at a location in Tehran. The post’s ambiguous nature has only added to the mystery surrounding Zanjani’s exact status and whereabouts.
A Legacy of Controversy
Zanjani’s rise and fall remain one of the most contentious episodes in Iran’s recent economic history. Once valued at $13.5 billion, Zanjani was seen as a key player in circumventing sanctions under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. His networks laundered billions through complex schemes spanning Turkey, Indonesia, and Central Asia. Arrested in Iran in 2013, Zanjani was convicted of embezzling $1.9 billion in oil revenues, earning him a death sentence later commuted to 20 years in prison. The government charged that he pocketed money from oil exports insted of returning it to the treasury.
While some officials have praised Zanjani for eventually returning the assets, many argue that his extensive operations were enabled by high-level complicity. The secrecy surrounding his dealings and cooperation with authorities have led many to view him as a figure too well-connected to face the full consequences of his actions.
Zanjani's resurgence coincides with Iran’s ongoing economic crisis. As sanctions persist, limiting oil exports and access to international banking, the government struggles with budget deficits and hyperinflation. Cryptocurrency projects and privatized oil transport ventures, if materialized, could offer alternative revenue streams for Iran’s beleaguered economy.
Yet, the ambiguity surrounding Zanjani’s activities and the lack of official acknowledgment leave more questions than answers.
The appointment of Michael Dimino as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East is seen by some observers in Tehran as an indication of a possible recalibration in US policy toward Tehran.
Esmaeil Khatib, Iran’s Intelligence Minister, dismissed the notion of productive negotiations with the US, citing previous instances where, according to him, Washington failed to uphold its commitments.
“The Islamic Revolution has extensive experience with these negotiations, a prominent example being the JCPOA. Negotiations held in Oman, as well as those concerning our assets in Qatar and South Korea, all reveal that the Americans have not fulfilled their promises in any of them,” Khatib told ILNA, referencing the 2015 nuclear deal.
He repeated his staunch opposition to what he called imposed negotiations, adding, “Anyone who is truthful will earn the respect of Iran, Islam, and the Revolution for their honesty, and wherever there is deceit, arrogance, hostility, and oppression, Iran will resist.”
Clerics Echo Anti-US Sentiment
Tehran’s Friday prayers featured strong rebukes of US policies. Ahmad Khatami, a senior ultra-conservative cleric, invoked Iran’s ideological opposition to Washington, saying, “The late leader Khomeini called the US the Great Satan. The Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei has reiterated this stance numerous times.”
Khatami argued that the US’s primary aim in seeking talks was to undermine the Islamic Republic, adding, “The US seeks negotiations as a means to confront the Revolution.”
Ahmad Alamolhoda, Mashhad’s hardliner Friday Prayer Leader, also criticized domestic advocates for dialogue with the West, asking, “With whom do you wish to negotiate? With defeated elements who have sunk to such humiliation?”
Dovish Dimino?
While Iranian hardliners reject overtures from Washington, moderate voices within the country have pointed to potential openings under Trump’s renewed tenure.
Fararu, a relatively moderate Iranian news outlet, highlighted comments by VP for Strategic Affairs Mohammad Javad Zarif, who expressed hope for a more rational approach from Trump.
The outlet noted that recent changes in Trump’s foreign policy team, including Dimino’s appointment, could signal an interest in diplomacy.
Dimino’s stance on the Middle East contrasts with more forceful policies. He has opposed preemptive military strikes on Iran, called for reducing the US military footprint in the region, and emphasized diplomacy as a solution to conflicts.
This Department of Defense official has said that the US should significantly reduce its troop presence in the region and shut down its military bases in Iraq and Syria.
Dimino had described US strikes on the Houthis as lacking deterrent value. He also called for a reassessment of the US presence in the Persian Gulf.
"Iranian power remains both exaggerated and misunderstood. Its economy continues to underperform, and its conventional military is antiquated and untested. Tehran simply doesn’t have the financial capital or hard power capabilities to dominate the Middle East or directly threaten core US interests," he wrote in a 2023 article.
He has repeatedly warned that Israeli attacks on Iran and the Islamic Republic’s proxy forces increase the risks to US forces in the region.
Critics, however, argue that his affiliation with the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft —a think tank known for promoting restraint in US foreign policy—raises concerns about the administration’s commitment to Israel.
Pro-Israel figures, such as commentator Mark Levin, have criticized Dimino’s views, citing his opposition to US defensive support for Israel against Hezbollah. Others view his appointment as a potential indicator that Trump is exploring non-military options in dealing with Tehran.
US-Iran relations have been fraught since Trump’s 2018 withdrawal from the JCPOA, a decision that intensified sanctions and strained Tehran’s economy.
Tensions peaked in January 2020, when a US drone strike killed IRGC Qods Force Commander Qassem Soleimani, an event that both nations view as a turning point in their confrontation.
As Trump’s administration implements a renewed maximum pressure campaign, debates persist about the feasibility of US-Iran diplomacy.
In 2023, a joint investigative report by Iran International and Semafor combed through thousands of emails from Iranian diplomats, revealing an Islamic Republic network of academics and think tank analysts established by the Iranian foreign ministry to extend Tehran's soft power.
Khatibzadeh, then a Berlin-based diplomat, was the one who proposed in 2014 the formation of the network - called the Iran Experts Initiative - according to the emails.
As a key member of the IPIS, he suggested to his superiors that by forming a network of Iranian analysts in “American and European think tanks”, and offering them “political support”, the Islamic Republic could promote its standpoint in the world.
Iranian former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif had close ties to the IEI, delivered speeches at their gatherings, and communicated directly with some of its members.
Zarif reemerged in Iranian politics last year and was appointed Vice President for Strategic Affairs, hoping to champion new negotiations with world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear deal. Addressing the World Economic Forum in Davos, Zarif said on Wednesday that Iran hoped U.S. President Donald Trump would choose 'rationality' in his dealings with the Islamic Republic.
Khatibzadeh previously served as Iran's foreign ministry spokesman and ambassador to Croatia. His appointment as the head of the IPIS could provide significant firepower to the Zarif's campaign.
"Khatibzadeh played a role in the crafting of the "Iran Experts Initiative," which was used as a malign influence operation by the regime during the JCPOA negotiations in 2013-15. His appointment signals a likely return of similar efforts during the Trump era," said Jason Brodsky, the policy director of the US-based advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI).
The mastermind
Iranian foreign ministry emails showed that Khatibzadeh was the mastermind behind the formation of the IEI.
He wrote in an email on March 5, 2014 to Majid Takht-Ravanchi, one of the leading Iranian nuclear negotiators, and Mostafa Zahrani, the then head of the IPIS in Tehran: “This initiative which we call ‘Iran Experts Initiative (IEI)’ is consisted of a core group of 6-10 distinguished second-generation Iranians who have established affiliation with the leading international think-tanks and academic institutions, mainly in Europe and the US.”
On April 14, 2015, Khatibzadeh emailed Zahrani a list of articles and interviews that members of the IEI had published in support of Iran's stance in nuclear negotiations, including Ali Vaez, Ariane Tabatabai, Dina Esfandiary, Ellie Geranmayeh, Adnan Tabatabai, and Rouzbeh Parsi.
Khatibzadeh outlined his accomplishments in an email in 2016, emphasizing his endeavors to “build a network and … engage with think tanks, with a clear focus on the nuclear negotiations to advance Iran's foreign policy, at the highest level” and to “publish dozens of articles in line with” Iran’s foreign policy.
The Iran Experts Initiative (IEI) was “one of the fundamental initiatives of the IPIS”, according to Zahrani. Now, the entity will be run by Khatibzadeh, the mastermind of the Islamic Republic's efforts to influence US foreign policy.
Tabatabai's case
Iran International's 2023 revelations sparked widespread controversy in US political circles, particularly regarding Ariane Tabatabai, a former key aide to former US Special Envoy for Iran, Robert Malley, whose own ties to Tehran were later detailed in a February 2024 investigation by Iran International.
In 2023, Tabatabai was serving as the Pentagon Chief of Staff for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict and retained her role and security clearance despite the revelations.
The report prompted multiple congressional investigations, with Republicans raising concerns about her ability to obtain a top-secret security clearance. The Pentagon and State Department said there was nothing in Tabatabai’s background that would have disqualified her from accessing classified information.
In October 2024, she took on a new role in the defense department, which gave her reduced access to intelligence. The Iranian-American academic started overseeing force education and training within former Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin's office.
She left the role this month, according to her LinkedIn profile.
