Iran issues first Caspian Sea drilling order in three decades
Iran has issued its first drilling order in the Caspian Sea in nearly 30 years, aiming to revive long-stalled exploration in the region, Oil Minister Mohsen Paknejad said on Friday.
Iran has issued its first drilling order in the Caspian Sea in nearly 30 years, aiming to revive long-stalled exploration in the region, Oil Minister Mohsen Paknejad said on Friday.
Paknejad said the new operations could unlock substantial reserves. “There is potential to extract over 600 million barrels of crude oil in place from this area,” he told reporters on the sidelines of the 29th International Oil Exhibition in Tehran.
Exploratory drilling in Iran’s sector of the Caspian Sea had been largely inactive since the mid-1990s, due to technical, financial, and logistical challenges.
The minister did not specify when drilling would begin or which block would be targeted first.
The decision marks a renewed effort to join other Caspian littoral states — including Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan — that have developed significant offshore production in recent decades.
Iran remains the only Caspian country not currently extracting oil or gas from the sea. According to industry data, the region’s other coastal states collectively produced over 1.2 million barrels per day of oil and 50 billion cubic meters of gas in 2023, backed by more than $160 billion in cumulative investments.
International companies such as BP, TotalEnergies, Lukoil, Eni, and Dragon Oil have led offshore development in neighboring states. Meanwhile, Iran’s own efforts have faced repeated setbacks, including equipment failures, limited foreign investment, and deepwater technical constraints.
Despite previous announcements, including seismic surveys and attempted drillings using the Amir Kabir rig, Iran’s Caspian offshore activity has yielded no commercial output to date.
The updated legislation, signed into effect on Tuesday by President Masoud Pezeshkian, imposes harsher sentences for unlicensed gun possession and criminalizes the use of digital platforms to promote or sell weapons.
But Telegram remains awash in posts advertising weapons for prices between 200 million and 1.8 billion rials—roughly $240 to $2,200 at the current exchange rate of 820,000 rials per US dollar.
In one 17,000-member channel, a vendor offered a Glock 17 pistol for 280 million rials ($340), a Makarov for 240 million ($290), and a Turkish-made Colt .45 for 360 million ($440). For higher-end buyers, a Kalashnikov was listed at 1.7 billion rials ($2,070), including a video showing it wrapped in cloth beside two full magazines.
“Payment is in Tether,” said one seller when contacted anonymously via Telegram, referring to a cryptocurrency. “Once confirmed, you’ll receive a location—usually a locker in a shopping mall. You have two hours to retrieve it.”
Posing as a buyer we messaged five sellers across different channels. All insisted on cryptocurrency, none offered verification and two responded with identical language and price lists—raising doubts about authenticity.
But sources in Tehran familiar with the illicit trade said the market is not entirely fake. “There are scams, yes,” one source said. “But there are many real vendors. People share experiences, and some of these sellers have been delivering for years.”
Iran’s newly amended firearms law significantly broadens the scope of punishable offenses. Beyond illegal possession, it targets sellers, repairers and those who promote or advertise firearms online.
Penalties range from three to fifteen years in prison depending on the type of weapon, with automatic firearms, heavy arms, and military-grade munitions drawing the harshest sentences.
A clause in the law also authorizes authorities to seize properties, vehicles, or storage facilities used in connection with arms crimes.
According to the text, any digital promotion, sale, or training activity linked to firearms is subject to prosecution.
The law also tightens control over airguns, mandating that those in possession of PCP rifles over 40 joules must surrender them within three months or face penalties equivalent to those for illegal hunting rifles. Owners of PCPs under the threshold must apply for a license.
Still, on Telegram, enforcement appears limited. Sellers openly post weapons and use emojis of guns, bombs, and fire to attract attention.
Sources say these weapons are often smuggled in from Turkey, Iraq, or via the Persian Gulf and may be resold multiple times through local intermediaries. “The dealers who actually deliver have networks,” said a source in Tehran. “They use trusted people. Some even have police protection.”
Iran’s black market extends far beyond guns. Unlicensed alcohol, sex work under the guise of massage services, and a growing narcotics scene—from cocaine to synthetic pills—share the same digital infrastructure, relying on anonymity, encrypted platforms, and rapid logistics.
While authorities promise firm implementation of the new law, Telegram channels remain easy to find and quick to rebrand. For buyers, the market is a gamble. But according to those familiar with Tehran’s illicit economy, enough vendors deliver to keep demand alive.
